Operating Systems Architecture

1. General Architecture of a Operating System
   Hardware
   Kernel
   Shell
   
   
2. The Kernel
   The bridge between applications and hardware
   Monolithic and micro kernels
   Kernels are very complex
   
   
3. The Shell
   The shell provides the interface to the operating system
   Graphical user interface (GUI)
   Command line interface (CLI)
   
   
4. Resources Managed by OSs
   Process Management
   Memory Management
   Secondary Storage Management
   I/O System
   File Management
   Protection System
   Command Interpreter System
   
   
5. Multitasking Environments
   Cooperative multitasking (some Linux)
   Preemptive multitasking (NT and some Linux)
   Multithreading
   
   
6. Programs and Services
   Computer program
   Process
   Service
   
   
7. Virtual Memory
   Main memory (RAM)
   Secondary memory (disk)
   Thrashing
   
   
8. Booting
   BIOS
   Initialization
   System Check
   Peripheral testing
   The bootstrap loader
   
   
9. The NT kernel
   User mode
   Kernel mode
   Hardware abstraction layer
   Blue Screen of Death